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White Papers |
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White paper Municipal Solid Waste Is Biomass, How the Ecology Energy “Wet Cell” Gasification unit, the “EnvirOcycler” can provide a solid MSW solution. This white paper validates that the EnvirOcycler built by Biosphere Environmental Energy provides an excellent system to convert Municipal Solid Waste into sustainable energy and usable by-products. This proven biomass system can deal with the widest possible range of Biomass with a number of significant advantages. If is conceived for highly variable moisture and feedstock characteristics and solves many current problems. It is a great value in a world where waste streams are growing and both recycling and beneficial reuse should be high targets for Cities and States
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Tax-Exempt Financing For Solid Waste Facilities Related To Ethanol Plants New |
Tax-Exempt Financing The use of tax-exempt financing generally results in favorable financing costs that may be as much as a third lower than the cost of conventional, taxable debt. While ethanol plants would normally qualify for tax-exempt financing under Internal Revenue Code provisions that allow the issuance of tax-exempt bonds to finance "manufacturing"facilities, the rules on financing such facilities provide that the amount of tax-exempt bonds, plus all other capital expenditures related to the bond-financed project over a 6-year period, may not exceed $20 million. Given the cost of the typical ethanol plant, that limit will in most cases make tax-exempt financing unavailable for the ethanol manufacturing facility itself. |
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| An overview of chemically bonded phosphate ceramics (CBPCs), that fill the gap between cements and conventional ceramics, is provided. CBPCs are synthesized by chemical reactions, most of them at ambient conditions, and hence are most useful in high volume applications. These applications include stabilization of hazardous and radioactive wastes, various structural materials applications, including road repair, oil well cements, and architectural products. The products are mainly magnesium and iron phosphate ceramic. Specialty formulations have also been developed for biomaterials applications using calcium-phosphate-based ceramics. This article reviews the chemistry of syntheses of these materials, using magnesium iron and aluminum phosphate ceramics as representative examples, provides a summary of their properties and an overview of their niche applications. |
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Incineration Emission Control Using Wet Tubular Electrostatic Prescipitators |
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Abstract New regulations are restricting particulate, acid gas and organic emissions from waste incinerators to extremely low levels. Wet tubular electrostatic precipitators, with their ability to generate multi-stage, strong electrical fields in a wet cooled atmosphere, have demonstrated particulate emissions less than 0.0003 gr/dscf, with toxic organic, heavy metals and acid mist collection exceeding 99%
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Oxidative Aqueous Scrubbing For Simulaneous No |
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Abstract An aqueous scrubbing system containing strong oxidants was studied for the removal of nitric oxides and sulfur dioxide from gas streams. Up to 95% NOx removal was obtained using a packed bed scrubber. The corresponding SO2 removals were 100%. Experiments were also conducted in a bubble column, a spray chamber, and a ejector venturi scrubber in order to obtain engineering data for scale-up and process design. A novel UV/V is photodiode array (PDA) method was developed for real-time monitoring of oxychlorine compounds in the scrubbing solutions. As a consequence of the data obtained with the PDA system, a much better understanding of the chemistry of the scrubbing system has lead to a simpler mass transfer model than is available in the literature. Absorption rates are reported in terms of overall reaction rates for a spray chamber scrubber and of height of transfer units for a packed bed scrubber. Further processing of the spent scrubbing solution for salable byproducts is under investigation. With an on-site generation cell, the operating cost of the oxidating aqueous scrubbing for NOx removal is estimated to be one tenth of that of a selective catalytic reduction unit. A review of current literature shows the capability of this scrubbing system for removing heavy metals, phenolic tastes and odors from gas streams as well. |
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